The main divergence between Jesus' theology and the theology of other religious groups in first century Palestine was Jesus' understanding of the mystical power of forgiveness. Jesus' understanding of forgiveness is the key that unlocks the meaning of the Kingdom teachings, including the parables.
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| The Prodigal Son (or . . . Redemption Doesn't Happen Overnight). Photo credit JAT 2015. |
Jesus' teachings on matters other than forgiveness don't sound a
whole lot different from the teachings of other groups. Jesus, like the
Pharisees -- and, indeed, like most religious groups of the time --
believed in the importance of ethics, moral choices, and obedience to a
code of moral conduct. No society works well if there aren't shared assumptions about "the right way to create Peace." So
Jesus certainly didn't invent the idea of moral codes. What he did do was turn the pathways to Peace upside down.
During Jesus' lifetime, and for centuries before, a body of writing called Wisdom literature was used to gather together important maxims about living a moral life. Wisdom literature taught that obedience to divinely revealed laws and cultural norms would guarantee "happiness" and eventual acceptance into the heavens. A major characteristic of most Wisdom literature is the insistence that Materialist laws of cause-and-effect govern all Creation (including God's own choices). If you apply reason, justice, and piety to these laws, you can create stability, order, safety, and happiness in your society. But those who wilfully disobeyed God's laws will surely be punished -- and rightly so. In the Jewish Scriptures, the books known as Proverbs and Ecclesiastes are considered examples of Jewish Wisdom texts.
But another canonical Jewish book that's often labelled "Wisdom" takes a different tack. The Book of Job is so different from conventional Wisdom collections that biblical scholar Michael Coogan once described the Book of Job as "anti-Wisdom Wisdom." In Job, nothing goes right for the key character until he decides to listen not to wise religious scholars but to what God says about God. It turns out that what God tells Job is not what human leaders have been teaching their followers.
Jesus, like Job before him, is a teacher of anti-Wisdom Wisdom. His minority understanding of how to be in relationship with God is so radical that it's only recently we've begun to want this paradigm in our society.
Jesus and Job both present a pathway to Peace built on seven main spiritual attributes:
- forgiveness -- NOT mercy, atonement, or contract law
- agape/love -- NOT obedience, fear, or contract law
- a "thinking" faith -- NOT blind faith, prophecy, or revelation
- humbleness -- NOT religious humility, religious salvation, or status addiction
- radical inclusiveness -- NOT clan chosenness, honour-shame cultural norms, or sectarian segregation
- courage -- NOT fate, predestination, or abdication
- trust in the One God Who Is Two -- a belief that God is not a lone male figure (YHWH) but two distinct and separate figures, one male and one female (YHWH and his Asherah?), who together are the One God and who make all decisions together based on mutual forgiveness, agape, thinking faith, humbleness, radical inclusiveness, and courage. As above, so below.
The Parable of the Prodigal Son reflects Jesus' theology, Jesus' understanding of how we can be in full relationship with God during our lives as human beings.
Then Jesus said, "There was a man who had two sons. The younger of them said to his father, 'Father, give me the share of the property that will belong to me.' So he divided his property between them. A few days later the younger son gathered all he had and travelled to a distant country, and there he squandered his property in dissolute living. When he had spent everything, a severe famine took place throughout that country, and he began to be in need. So he went and hired himself out to one of the citizens of that country, who sent him to his fields to feed the pigs. He would gladly have filled himself with the pods that the pigs were eating; and no one gave him anything. But when he came to himself he said, 'How many of my father's hired hands have bread enough and to spare, and here I am dying of hunger! I will get up and go to my father, and I will say to him, "Father I have sinned against heaven and before you; I am no longer worthy to be called your son; treat me like one of your hired hands." So he set off and went to his father. But while he was still far off, his father saw him and was filled with compassion; he ran and put his arms around him and kissed him. Then the son said to him, 'Father I have sinned against heaven and before you; I am no longer worthy to be called your son.' But the father said to his slaves, 'Quickly, bring out a robe -- the best one -- and put it on him; put a ring on his finger and sandals on his feet. And get the fatted calf and kill it, and let us eat and celebrate; for this son of mine was dead and is alive again; he was lost and is found!' And they began to celebrate.
"Now his elder son was in the field; and when he came and approached the house, he heard music and dancing. He called one of the slaves and asked what was going on. He replied, 'Your brother has come, and your father has killed the fatted calf, because he has got him back safe and sound.' Then he became angry and refused to go in. His father came out and began to plead with him. But he answered his father, 'Listen! For all these years I have been working like a slave for you, and I have never disobeyed your command; yet you have never given me even a young goat so that I might celebrate with my friends. But when this son of yours came back, who has devoured your property with prostitutes, you killed the fatted calf for him!' Then the father said to him, 'Son, you are always with me, and all that is mine is yours. But we had to celebrate and rejoice, because this brother of yours was dead and has come to life; he was lost and has been found.'"
There's nothing in this Kingdom parable that resembles traditional Wisdom. Instead, what we see is forgiveness. Forgiveness defies accepted logic and contradicts the "eye for an eye" laws of justice that governed most first century societies. This, suggests Jesus, is what God is really saying to us about who God is -- a parent who allows human children to become "dead" to their own true selves and struggle to learn from their terrible mistakes before the lost ones can be reunited in love and courage with their divine family. It's the children who have lost themselves, yet find their way home through self-forgiveness and courage, who have entered Jesus' Kingdom of the Heavens.
Jesus' Kingdom parables are confusing, messy, non-linear, multi-layered,
and filled with anti-Wisdom Wisdom because life is confusing, messy,
non-linear, multi-layered, and filled with all sorts of irrational (but
totally wonderful) emotions like love and gratitude and devotion and
forgiveness and the courage to change.
The Apostle Paul didn't agree with any of this, but that's another story.






